Ginseng has been used to improve overall health. It has also been used to strengthen the immune system and help combat stress and illness. There are different types of Ginseng. Asian Ginseng (from Chinese and Korean sources) has been used to treat lack of mental clarity, diabetes, and male erectile dysfunction. Ginseng is an herbal supplement that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine.
It is commonly touted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It may also help regulate blood sugar levels and have benefits for certain types of cancer. Diabetes, which affects nearly 3.5% of the world's population, is one of the world's leading health problems. Ginseng has been used to treat diabetes and has been administered as a tonic for chronic use without adverse effects.
More than 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is related to aging, low physical activity, diet and lifestyle. In this section, we focus on the effects of ginseng on type 2 diabetes rather than type 1 diabetes. In addition, treatment with ginseng induced the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP), 27 and HSP70, which are cytoprotective proteins. The various adverse effects that have been attributed to ginseng formulations include hypertension, pressure headaches, dizziness, estrogen-like effects, vaginal bleeding, and mastalgia.
Long-term use has been associated with a “ginseng abuse syndrome”, including symptoms such as hypertension, edema, morning diarrhea, skin rashes, insomnia, depression and amenorrhea. However, most reports are difficult to interpret due to the absence of a control group, the simultaneous use of other drugs, insufficient dosage information, and lack of botanical authentication. The authors of a review of adverse reactions associated with P.Ginseng concluded that it is generally safe, but in high doses it can cause insomnia, headache, diarrhea, and cardiovascular and endocrine disorders. Inappropriate use and suboptimal formulations were considered to be the most likely reason for the adverse effects of ginseng.
The authors of a systematic review reached similar conclusions and demonstrated that serious adverse reactions to ginseng appear to be rare indeed. Ginseng refers to the root of the Panax species. The most commonly examined species are Panax Ginseng (Asian Ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) and Panax Japonicus (Japanese Ginseng). The origin of the ginseng root and its form of extraction can produce wide variations in ginseng products.
The terms “red” and “white” refer to different methods of preparing ginseng, not to different species. It is administered as a whole dry root, extract, tea or capsule. Ginseng is advertised as an immune system stimulant that increases stamina, sexual potency, well-being and longevity, and for use as an antihyperglycemic agent. Ginseng has both hypertensive and hypotensive effects, the latter caused by increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Sung et al. In Chinese medicine, ginseng is used for myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and angina pectoris; however, current evidence does not support its use for cardiovascular conditions.
Ginseng abuse syndrome causes high blood pressure, behavioral changes and diarrhea (Siegel, 197. When administered with warfarin, ginseng reduces prothrombin time). Ginseng can also produce estrogen-like effects because its active components, ginsenosides, have a chemical structure similar to that of testosterone, estrogen and glucocorticoids. The active compounds are heterogeneous triterpenic saponin glucosides, collectively referred to as ginsenosides. Typical doses are 100 to 400 mg of ginseng extract.
Women who are pregnant or receiving hormone replacement therapy should not use ginseng. Neonatal death has been linked to maternal consumption (Awang, 199. Increased levels of digoxin are associated with Siberian Ginseng, which interferes with the analysis of digoxin (Dasgupta, 200). Panax Ginseng (Asian Ginseng), Panax Pseudo-Ginseng (Japanese Ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (North American Ginseng) are the main sources of the herb commonly known as Ginseng. Ginseng is composed of a mixture of glycosides, essential oils and a variety of complex carbohydrates and phytosterols, as well as amino acids and trace elements (Duke, 198). The main active ingredients in ginseng are a complex mixture of more than 30 triterpenoid saponins, commonly referred to as ginsenosides (Li, Mazza, Cottrell and Gao, 199) that are present in leaves, stems and berries, in addition to the harvested root.
Ginseng has the potential to be used as chemopreventive agents in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis. Ginsan, a polysaccharide extracted from P. Ginseng, inhibited the p38 MAPK pathway (Jung et al. Chinese ginseng refers to the root of a perennial plant, Panax ginseng, which grows in the mountains of North China, Eastern Siberia, Japan and Korea (Gillis, 1997; Park et al. It is a slow-growing plant with a leaf that grows during the first year, and then a leaflet appears every subsequent year until the sixth year.
The root of the plant has two to five branched roots that also increase in size as the plant matures (Figure 50,. Rhizome thickness has been considered an important indicator of the quality and value of ginseng (WHO, 199). Ginseng has been used for medicinal purposes in Asia for centuries and is finally gaining some acceptance in Western culture. It contains a number of preparations that may or may not have differential effects on the efficacy of the compound; therefore, for the sake of simplicity, all studies on ginseng will be classified together.
The active chemicals in ginseng are thought to belong to a class of steroidal glucosides known as ginsenosides. There are several ginsenosides that can be classified into specific groups, but they will be considered together unless otherwise specified. There is very little human clinical data examining the potential of ginseng to reduce pain in patients; however, a small study found that it worked as well as other common pain relievers in patients with fibromyalgia 137. Wild ginseng is a rare and rare product. Wild American ginseng is on the verge of extinction due to multiple factors, such as climate change, habitat fragmentation and the supply of traditional medicine to the Asian market.
Growing the Ginseng plant in the field is a process that requires a lot of time and labor. Sustainable biotechnological production of ginsenosides should be highlighted. Microbial cell factories and transgenic plants hold great promise for the large scale production of cost-effective medicines for ginseng. Genomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies of Panax plants provide essential information for the sustainable use of Panax medicinal resources. To date, several components of ginseng polysaccharides have been identified and studied, including arabinogalactan, pectin and acidic polysaccharides, which are mainly composed of monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, l-rhamnose, d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid, 53 Molecular weights range from 3.2 to 1900 kDa, 48 However, detailed information is lacking on the actual structural characteristics and heterogeneity of these polysaccharide components.
Many studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides in ginseng have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. 48. The genuine structures of the PPD and PPT ginseng sapogenins are dammar-24-ene-3β,12β,20 (S) -triol (PPD) and dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20 (S) -triol (PPD) - tetrol (PPT), respectively (Shibata et al. Two Korean cohort studies have suggested that consumers of ginseng are associated with a 60 to 70% reduction in the risk of gastric cancer. Another 8-week study showed that taking 3 g a day of American Ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood sugar levels (3).
There are many varieties of this herb, but the most popular are American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng). Several aspects of immunomodulatory effects have been investigated. of ginseng for its tonic effects. Several models of memory impairment have been used to evaluate the effects of ginseng and its active ingredients on learning and memory.
Another small study showed that taking 200 milligrams (mg) of American Ginseng significantly improved working memory after 3 hours, compared to a placebo (1) Ginseng has been widely used as a folk medicine in East Asian countries for thousands of years, primarily as a general tonic and adaptogen to maintain the body's resistance to adverse factors and homeostasis, including improving physical and sexual function, general vitality, and anti-aging. Some partially deglycosylated saponins, such as ginsenosides Rh1, Rg2 and Rg3, are obtained as by-products produced during steaming of red ginseng (Figure 8,1a, b). A metabolite of ginseng saponin (C-K) suppressed phorbol ester-induced MMP-9 expression by inhibiting the AP-1 and MAP kinase signaling pathways in human astroglioma cells (Jung et al. American and Asian ginseng have been shown to improve pancreatic cell function, increase insulin production, and improve tissue absorption of blood sugar (3).
This suggestion is confirmed, since ginseng is known to inhibit voltage-dependent calcium channels in rodent sensory neurons 144 and dorsal root ganglia. According to one review, ginseng has potent antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties and may improve immune system function (20). In red ginseng, the acetyl group remains in the 6″ position of the glucosyl residue of some saponins, such as the ginsenosides Rs1 and Rs2; therefore, it appears that steaming inactivates the deacetylating enzyme (Kasai et al.
